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Difference between Shaper and Planer Machines
are machine tools which produce a flat surface. They are capable of machining
a horizontal, vertical or inclined flat surface. They employ single-point cutting tools which are essentially
similar to single-point cutting tools used on lathe. In both these machine tools, the cutting tool is subjected
to interrupted cuts, the tools cuts in forward direction and is idle in the return direction.
SHAPING MACHINES OR SHAPER
Principle of Working
Shaper consists of a hollow machine bed made of cast iron which rests on the ground. Inside the
hollow portion the machine drive mechanism is housed. This mechanism is called slotted lever quick
return mechanism and it drives a horizontal ram which reciprocates in the guide ways provided on the
top surface of the machine frame. In the front face of the ram, a tool post is fitted. This is a very special
kind of tool post. It carries a slide which can be operated by a hand wheel and the entire tool post can be
lowered or raised. Besides, the tool slide can be swivelled in a vertical plane and its inclination to the
vertical (amount of swivelling) can be read off on a scale marked in degrees. The tool is inclined, when
an inclined surface has to be machined.
In the front portion of the base, a table is fitted. The table can be raised or lowered to vary its
height. It can also be moved horizontally to left or right. A vice to hold the work piece is provided on
the table top.
The tool does useful work i.e., cutting only in the forward stroke of the ram. It does not cut i.e.,
it is idle during the return stroke of ram. In order that while returning, the tool may not rub and spoil the
strip of the metal machined in the forward stroke, a special device called the “clapper box” is provided
in the tool post. It lifts the tip of the tool during the return stroke
DRIVE
Since useful work is done only during the forward stroke of ram, the mechanism driving the ram is so
designed that the return stroke is completed in much less time than the forward stroke. The slotted lever
quick return mechanism is illustrated in Figs
Planer is used to machine flat surfaces on work pieces, which are too large and heavy to be accommodated
on a shaping machine table. The fundamental difference between a planer and shaper is that in a
planer, the cutting tool remains stationary and the planer table on which the work piece has been clamped
moves past the cutting tool. The feed is given to the cutting tool and not to the table which reciprocates
in the guide ways provided in the machine bed.
A planer can handle much heavier cuts and more than one tool post is provided on one machine
so that machining can be done quickly. Sometimes a horizontal surface and a vertical surface are machined
simultaneously and the squareness of the surfaces is automatically ensured.
PLANER OR PLANNING MACHINE
Planer is used to machine flat surfaces on work pieces, which are too large and heavy to be accommodated
on a shaping machine table. The fundamental difference between a planer and shaper is that in a
planer, the cutting tool remains stationary and the planer table on which the work piece has been clamped
moves past the cutting tool. The feed is given to the cutting tool and not to the table which reciprocates
in the guide ways provided in the machine bed.
A planer can handle much heavier cuts and more than one tool post is provided on one machine
so that machining can be done quickly. Sometimes a horizontal surface and a vertical surface are machined
simultaneously and the squareness of the surfaces is automatically ensured.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
Even on a planer, the tools will cut material only in the forward stroke of the table, its return
stroke is idle. To save idle time, the return stroke takes place at higher speed. This is achieved by a
variable speed reversible motor drive and a system of limit switches fitted on the bed of the machine,
which get actuated when the table reaches the end of its forward and reverse strokes. The length of the
stroke can be adjusted to suit the length of the work piece by changing the position of the limit switches
Cutting tools used on planers:
The planer tools are made of high speed steel, although tipped
carbide tools are also used occasionally. These tools are, in general, similar to shaper tools, but are
more robust and stronger. Specially shaped tools are used on planers for operations like T-slot cutting
and dove tail slide cutting.
In both shapers and planers, the tool or table starts from rest, picks up speed and then again
slows down to zero speed during the forward or cutting stroke. It is customary to calculate cutting
speed on the basis of average speed during the forward stroke. Feed and depth of cut are both expressed
in mm. In case of feed, it is the lateral distance moved by the tool (on the cross-rail) per cutting stroke
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